No. 54 (2021)
Artículos

Desigualdad salarial por género y ciclo económico en las manufacturas mexicanas

Reyna Elizabeth Rodríguez Perez
Facultad de Economía de la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
Bio
Vicente German Soto
Facultad de Economía de la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
Bio
Published June 2, 2021

Abstract

Se analiza la relación cíclica de los salarios y la brecha salarial por género con seis variables macroeconómicas del sector manufacturero de México durante 1993.1-2017.3. La teoría sugiere que la brecha salarial disminuye en las recesiones y se amplía durante la fase expansiva del ciclo (procíclica). Esta hipótesis se prueba usando el filtro H-P, para medir el ciclo, y la metodología Oaxaca-Blinder, para estimar la brecha salarial. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU, periodo 1993-2004) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE, periodo 2005-2017). Los resultados indican que salarios y brecha salarial siguen una conducta procíclica con producción, inversión, exportaciones y costos unitarios, pero son más volátiles y con fluctuaciones de mayor duración. Además, resultan contracíclicos con productividad laboral e inflación. Se diseñan algunas implicaciones de política sobre desigualdad de género.

References

  1. Araujo, Freitas. 2015. “Gender Wage Inequality Measured Using Quantile Regression: The Impact of Human, Cultural and Social Capital.” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 60(223): 287–315.
  2. Aslanbeigui, Nahid, y Summerfield, Gale. 2000. “The Asian Crisis, Gender, and the International Financial Architecture.” Feminist Economics, 6 (3): 81–104.
  3. Berik, Günseli y Kongar, Ebru. 2013. “Time Allocation of Married Mothers and Fathers in Hard Times: The 2007-09 US Recession.” Feminist Economics, 19(3): 208–237.
  4. Black, Sandra E. y Brainerd, Elizabeth. 2004. “Importing Equality? The Impact of Globalization on Gender Discrimination.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(4): 540–559.
  5. Blau, Francine D. y Kahn, Laurance M. 2000. “Gender Differences in Pay.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4): 75–99.
  6. Blinder, A. S. 1973. “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates.” The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4): 436–455.
  7. Burns, A. y Mitchel, W. C. 1946. “Measuring Business Cycles. Studies in Business Cycles.” National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, Number 2.
  8. Burnside, C. 1998. “Detrending and Business Cycle Facts: A Comment.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 41(3): 513–532.
  9. Canova, F. 1998. “Detrending and Business Cycle Facts.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 41(3): 475–512.
  10. Christie, Pamela y Shannon, Michael. 2001. “Educational Attainment and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the 1986 and 1991 Canadian Censuses.” Economics of Education Review, 20(2): 165–180.
  11. Domínguez-Villalobos, Lilia y Brown-Grossman, Flor. 2010. “Trade Liberalization and Gender Wage Inequality in Mexico.” Feminist Economics, 16(4): 53–79.
  12. Freije, Samuel; Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys y Rodriguez-Oreggia, Eduardo. 2011. “Effects of the 2008-09 Economic Crisis on Labor Markets in Mexico.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 5840, The World Bank.
  13. Fuentes, J., Palma, A. y Montero, R. 2005. “Discriminación salarial por género en Chile: Una mirada global.” Estudios de Economía, 32(2): 133–157.
  14. Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko; Heintz, James y Seguino, Stephanie. 2013. “Critical Perspectives on Financial and Economic Crises: Heterodox Macroeconomics Meets Feminist Economics.” Feminist Economics, 19(3): 4–31.
  15. Gálvez Muñoz, Lina y Rodríguez Maroño, Paula. 2011. “La desigualdad de género en las crisis económicas.” Investigaciones Feministas, 2(1): 113–132.
  16. Goodman, W. 1994. “Women and Jobs in Recoveries: 1970-93.” Monthly Labor Review, 117(7): 28–36.
  17. Gradín, Carlos, Del Río, Coral y Cantó, Olga. 2010. “Gender Wage Discrimination and Poverty in the EU.” Feminist Economics, 16(2): 73–109.
  18. Hamilton, J. D. 1989. “A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle.” Econometrica, 57(2): 357–384.
  19. Hayashi, N. 2005. “Structural Changes and Unit Roots in Japan’s Macroeconomic Time Series: Is Real Business Cycle Theory Supported?” Japan and the World Economy, 17(2): 239–259.
  20. Hodrick, R. J. y Prescott, E. C. 1997. “Post-War U.S. Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29(1): 1–16.
  21. Jacobsen, J. 2004. The Economics of Gender. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
  22. Johansson, M., Katz, K., y Nyman, H. 2005. “Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981–98.” Acta Sociologica, 48(4): 341–364.
  23. Kaya Bahçe, Seçil A. y Memi?, Emel. 2013. “Estimating the Impact of the 2008–09 Economic Crisis on Work Time in Turkey.” Feminist Economics, 19(3): 181–207.
  24. Krolzig, H. M. 2001. “Business Cycle Measurement in the Presence of Structural Change: International Evidence.” International Journal of Forecasting, 17(3): 349–368.
  25. Kunze, Astrid. 2008. “Gender Wage Gap Studies: Consistency and Decomposition.” Empirical Economics, 35(1): 63–76.
  26. Kydland, F. E. y Prescott, E. C. 1982. “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations.” Econometrica, 50(6): 1345–1370.
  27. Kydland, F. E. y Prescott, E. C. 1990. “Business Cycles: Real Facts and a Monetary Myth.” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 14(2): 3–18.
  28. Lucas, R. E. 1977. “Understanding Business Cycles.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, January 5(1): 7–29.
  29. Lucas, Robert. 1985. “Comprendiendo los Ciclos Económicos.” Cuadernos Económicos del ICE. # 30.
  30. Male, R. 2010. “Developing Countries Business Cycles: Revisiting the Stylized Facts.” Working Paper 664, University of London.
  31. Mankiw, Gregory. 2011. Principles of Economics, Connecticut: South-Western, Cengage Learning.
  32. Meza González, Liliana. 2001. “Wage Inequality and the Gender Wage Gap in Mexico.” Economía Mexicana NUEVA ÉPOCA, 10(2): 291–323.
  33. Milkman, R. 1976. “Women’s Work and Economic Crisis: Some Lessons of the Great Depression.” Review of Radical Political Economics, 8(1): 71–97.
  34. Mincer, J. 1962. “Labor Force Participation of Married Women. Aspects of Labor Economics.” NBER, Princeton University Press.
  35. Mincer, J. y Polachek, S. 1974. “Family Investment in Human Capital: Earnings of Women.” Journal of Political Economy 82: S76–S108.
  36. Murillo Huertas, Inés P. y Simón Pérez, Hipólito J. 2014. “La gran recesión y el diferencial salarial por género en España.” Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, 208: 39–76. doi:10.7866/HPE-RPE.14.1.2.
  37. Myck, Michal y Paull, Gillian. 2001. “The Role of Employment Experience in Explaining the Gender Wage Gap.” IFS Working Papers, No. 01/18, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London.
  38. Oaxaca, R. 1973. “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets.” International Economic Review, 14(3): 693–709.
  39. Park, Seonyoung y Shin, Donggyun. 2005. “Explaining Procyclical Male-Female Wage Gaps.” Economics Letters, 88(2): 231–235.
  40. Piazzalunga, Daniela y Di Tommaso, Maria Laura. 2019. “The Increase of the Gender Wage Gap in Italy during the 2008-2012 Economic Crisis.” Journal of Economic Inequality, forthcoming. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9396-8.
  41. Polachek, S. 1981. “Occupational Self-Selection: A Human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structure.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 58: 60–69.
  42. Popli, Gurleen K. 2013. “Gender Wage Differentials in Mexico: A Distributional Approach.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 176(2): 295–319.
  43. Rodríguez Pérez, Reyna E., Ramos, Raúl, y Castro Lugo, David. 2017. “Brecha salarial por género en los mercados de trabajo público y privado en México.” Panorama Económico, 25(2): 149–172.
  44. Rubery, J. 1993. “Las mujeres y la recesión.” Colección Economía y Sociología del Trabajo 64, Madrid, Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social.
  45. Sabogal, A. 2012. “Brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres y ciclo económico en Colombia.” Coyuntura Económica: Investigación Económica y Social, 42(1): 53–91.
  46. Saint-Paul, G. 1997. “Business Cycles and Long-Run Growth.” Oxford Review of Economic Papers, 13(3): 145–153.
  47. Sánchez, F., Salas, L. M., y Nupia, O. 2003. “Ciclos económicos y mercado laboral en Colombia 1984-2000: ¿quién gana más, quién pierde más?” Documentos CEDE 002123, Universidad de los Andes - CEDE.
  48. Sevilla-Sanz, Almudena, Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio, y Fernández, Cristina. 2010. “Gender Roles and the Division of Unpaid Work in Spanish Households.” Feminist Economics, 16(4): 137–184.
  49. Skoufias, Emmanuel y Parker, Susan W. 2006. “Job Loss and Family Adjustments in Work and Schooling during the Mexican Peso Crisis.” Journal of Population Economics, 19(1): 163–181.
  50. Stephen, Lynn M. 2002. “Globalización, el Estado y la creación de trabajadores indígenas flexibles: trabajadores agrícolas mixtecos en Oregon.” Relaciones. Estudios de Historia y Sociedad, 28(90): 87–114.
  51. Usui, Erniko. 2015. “Occupational Gender Segregation in an Equilibrium Search Model.” IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(13): 1–14.
  52. Vidondo Salvador, J. 2015. “El empleo femenino español: Crisis y desigualdad salarial.” Thesis of Bachelor. Universidad de La Rioja.
  53. Yamada, H. y Jin, L. 2013. “Japan’s Output Gap Estimation and l1 Trend Filtering.” Empirical Economics, 45(1): 81–88.
  54. Zhi, Huayong, Huang, Zhurong, Huang Jikun, Rozelle, Scott, y Mason, Andrew. 2013. “Impact of the Global Financial Crisis in Rural China: Gender, Off-Farm Employment, and Wages.” Feminist Economics, 19(3): 238–266.