Núm. 50 (2019)
Artículos

¿El ingreso influye en la felicidad de las poblaciones? Los casos de Colombia, Brasil y México

Oscar Mauricio Poveda Bermudez
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Biografía
Publicado junio 1, 2019
Palabras clave
  • Felicidad,
  • América Latina,
  • nivel de ingresos,
  • libertad de elección,
  • salud,
  • edad,
  • modelo logístico ordenado.
  • ...Más
    Menos

Resumen

Este trabajo busca las variables que inciden sobre la probabilidad de reportar ser feliz en Colombia, Brasil y México para el periodo 2010-2014. Para ello, se emplea una especificación logística ordenada por país cuya variable dependiente es el nivel de felicidad reportado expresado en categorías. Las conclusiones de esta aproximación empírica sustentan que el nivel de ingresos no tiene una incidencia notable sobre la felicidad reportada. En contraste, variables como el estado civil, la salud o el número de hijos tienen significativa relevancia sobre la probabilidad de reportar ser feliz. Un hecho sobresaliente en el caso colombiano es el incremento de la probabilidad de reportar ser feliz a medida que aumenta la libertad de elección; en Brasil, la felicidad aumenta en cuanto mejora el estado de salud y en México, la probabilidad de reportar ser feliz es levemente mayor en las mujeres. Por último, la probabilidad de reportar ser feliz a lo largo de la vida tiene forma de “U” en Brasil y México.

Citas

  1. Ahuvia, Aaron Chaim (2008), “If Money Doesn’t Make us Happy, Why do we Act as if it Does?”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29 (4), pp. 491–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.11.005.
  2. Argyle, Michael (1992), La psicología de la felicidad, Alianza, retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=xlqwowaacaaj.
  3. Bartolini, Stefano & Sarracino, Francesco (2014), “Happy for How Long? How Social Capital and Economic Growth Relate to Happiness Over Time”, Ecological Economics, 108, pp. 242–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.004.
  4. Becchetti, Leonardo & Rossetti, Fiammetta (2009), “When Money Does not Buy Happiness: The Case of ‘Frustrated Achievers’ ”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 38 (1), pp. 159–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2008.08.009.
  5. Bentham, Jeremy (1776), A Fragment on Government: Being an Examination of what is Delivered, on the Subject of Government in General, in the Introduction to Sir William Blackstone’s Commentaries: with a Preface, in which is Given a Critique on the Work at Large, Payne, T.; Elmsly, P. and Brooke, E, London, Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=epmiaaaaqaaj.
  6. Bjørnskov, Christian; Dreher, Axel; Fischer, Justina; Schnellenbach, Jan & Gehring, Kai (2013), “Inequality and Happiness: When Perceived Social Mobility and Economic Reality do not Match”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 91, pp. 75-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.017.
  7. Blanchflower, David & Oswald, Andrew (2004a), “Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106 (3), pp. 393-415. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/stable/3441116.
  8. Blanchflower, David & Oswald, Andrew (2004b), “Well-being Over Time in Britain and the USA”, Journal of Public
  9. Economics, 88 (7–8), pp. 1359–1386, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00168-8.
  10. BM (2012), World Development Indicators 2012, (2012 World Bank Publications, ed.), Washington.
  11. Bradburn, Norman & Noll, Edwuard (1969), The Structure of Psychological Well-being, Aldine Publishing Company. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=9h9-aaaamaaj.
  12. Bravo, David & Vásquez, Javier (2008), Microeconometría aplicada, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile.
  13. Brickman, Philip & Campbell, Donald (1971), “Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society”.
  14. Cameron, Colin & Trivedi, Pravin (2005), Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, University Press, Cambridge. Retrieved from https://books.google.
  15. com.co/books?id=zf0gcwxc9occ.
  16. Cameron, Colin & Trivedi, Pravin (2009), Microeconometrics Using Stata, Stata Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=xpdtaaaamaaj.
  17. Clark, Andrew & Oswald, Andrew (1996), “Satisfaction and Comparison Income”, Journal of Public Economics, 61 (3), pp. 359–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(95)01564-7.
  18. Colburn, Forrest (2002), Latin America at the End of Politics, University Press, Princeton. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=qBCVB-3mxck8c.
  19. Cryder, Cynthia; Lerner, Jennifer; Gross, James & Dahl, Ronald (2008), “Misery Is Not Miserly: Sad and Self-Focused Individuals Spend More”, Psychological Science, 19 (6), pp. 525–530. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/stable/40064949.
  20. Dolan, Paul; Peasgood, Tessa & White, Mathew (2008), “Do we Really Know What Makes us Happy? A Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors Associated with Subjective Well-being”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29 (1), pp. 94–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001.
  21. Easterlin, Richard (1973), “Does Money Buy Happiness?”, The Public Interest, (30), 3.
  22. Easterlin, Richard (1974), “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence”, Nations and Households in Economic Growth, 89, pp. 89-125.
  23. Easterlin, Richard (1995), “Will Raising the Incomes of all Increase the Happiness of All?”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27 (1), pp. 35-47, https://doi.
  24. org/10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-b.
  25. Easterlin, Richard (2006), “Life Cycle Happiness and its Sources. Intersections of Psychology, Economics, and Demography”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 27 (4), pp.
  26. -482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.05.002.
  27. Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (2009), Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, BiblioBazaar. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=xdxsenv6wewc.
  28. Escobar, Modesto; Bernardi, Fabrizio y Fernández Macías, Enrique (2012), Análisis de datos con Stata, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=czdaztppm-wc.
  29. Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada (2005), “Income and Well-being: An Empirical Analysis of the Comparison Income Effect”, Journal of Public Economics, 89 (5–6), pp. 997–1019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.003.
  30. FMI (2014), World economic outlook database, imf Washington. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx.
  31. Fuentes, Nicole y Rojas, Mariano (2001), “Economic Theory and Subjective Well-being: Mexico”, Social Indicators Research, 53 (3), pp. 289-314, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007189429153.
  32. Gerdtham, Ulf Göran y Johannesson, Magnus (2001), “The Relationship Between Happiness, Health, and Socio-economic Factors: Results Based on Swedish Microdata”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 30 (6), pp. 553-557, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4.
  33. Gerstenblüth, Mariana; Melgar, Natalia y Rossi, Máximo (2013), “Ingreso y desigualdad. ¿Cómo afectan a la felicidad en América Latina?”, Cuadernos de Economía, 32 (59), pp. 163-178.
  34. Gilbert, Daniel (2006), Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=6h8jkubc4asc.
  35. Guven, Cahit (2012), “Reversing the Question: Does Happiness Affect Consumption and Savings Behavior?”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 33 (4), pp. 701-717, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.01.002.
  36. Hallmann, Kirstin; Breuer, Christoph y Kühnreich, Benedikt (2013), “Happiness, Pride and Elite Sporting Success: What Population Segments Gain Most from National Athletic Achievements?”, Sport Management Review, 16 (2), pp. 226–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.001.
  37. Hartog, Joop y Oosterbeek, Hessel (1998), “Health, Wealth and Happiness: Why Pursue a Higher Education?”, Economics of Education Review, 17 (3), pp. 245–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(97)00064-2.
  38. Haucap, Justus y Heimeshoff, Ulrich (2014), “The Happiness of Economists: Estimating the Causal Effect of Studying Economics on Subjective Well-being”, International Review of Economics Education, 17, pp. 85-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iree.2014.08.004.
  39. Helliwell, John; Layard, Richard y Sachs, Jeffrey (2015), World Happiness Report 2015, Sustainable Development Solutions Network New York. Retrieved from http://worldhappiness.report/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/04/whr15.pdf.
  40. Inglehart, Ronald; Foa, Roberto; Peterson, Christopher y Welzel, Christian (2008), “Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981-2007)”, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3 (4), pp. 264-285. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40212250.
  41. Kahneman, Daniel y Deaton, Angus (2010), “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But not Emotional Well-being”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107 (38), pp. 16489–16493, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107.
  42. Kaun, David (2005), “Income and Happiness: Earning and Spending as Sources of Discontent”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 34 (2), pp. 161-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.005.
  43. Layard, Richard (2011), Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, 2a. ed., Penguin Books Limited. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=kumbtwctdkcc.
  44. Lelkes, Orsolya (2006), “Tasting Freedom: Happiness, Religion and Economic Transition”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 59 (2), pp. 173–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.03.016.
  45. Loewenstein, George; Krishnamurti, Tamar; Kopsic, Jessica y Mcdonald, Daniel (2015), “Does Increased Sexual Frequency Enhance Happiness?”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 116, pp. 206–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.021.
  46. Loewenstein, George; O’Donoghue, Ted y Rabin, Matthew (2003), “Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (4), pp. 1209-1248, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552784.
  47. Lora, Eduardo (2008), Calidad de vida: más allá de los hechos, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Washington. Retrieved from http://www.iadb.org/res/files/dia2008_resumen.pdf.
  48. Maslow, Abraham (1943), “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50 (4), pp. 370-396, https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346.
  49. McBride, Michael (2010), “Money, Happiness, and Aspirations: An Experimental Study”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 74 (3), pp. 262-276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.03.002.
  50. Mookerjee, Rajen y Beron, Krista (2005), “Gender, Religion and Happiness”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 34 (5), pp. 674-685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.07.012.
  51. OCDE y Santiso, Javier (2009), “América Latina en 2008-2009: la espuma de los días felices”, Anuario Internacional CIDOB, (1), pp. 25-30. Retrieved from http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Anuariocidob/article/view/164543/216518.
  52. ONU (2015), World Population Prospects. Key Findings and Advanced Tables. The 2015 Revision, esa/p/wp, 241, New York. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_wpp_2015.pdf.
  53. Oswald, Andrew (1999), “A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness”, University of Warwick, UK.
  54. Oxford University (2016), Middle Age in English Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/middle_
  55. age.
  56. Pawlowski, Tim; Downward, Paul y Rasciute, Simona (2014), “Does National Pride from International Sporting Success Contribute to Well-being? An International Investigation”, Sport Management Review, 17 (2), pp. 121-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.007.
  57. Peiró, Amado (2006), “Happiness, Satisfaction and Socio-economic Conditions: Some international Evidence, Journal of Socio-Economics, 35 (2), pp. 348-365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.042.
  58. Prinz, Aloys y Bünger, Björn (2012), “Balancing ‘Full Life’: An Economic Approach to the Route to Happiness”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 33 (1), pp. 58-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.08.011.
  59. Qari, Salmai (2014), “Marriage, Adaptation and Happiness: Are there Long-lasting Gains to Marriage?”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 50, pp. 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2014.01.003.
  60. Real Academia Española, (2005), Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, Academia de la Lengua Española, Alfaguara, Bogotá.
  61. Rojas, Mariano (2016), Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America. Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America, Springer Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7.
  62. Seligman, Martin (2002), Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment, Free Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=3l0bccofmrgc.
  63. Smith, Adam (1958), Investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=hty-upxzt0yc.
  64. Stillman, Tyler; Fincham, Frank; Vohs, Kahleen; Lambert, Nathaniel y Phillips, Christa (2012), “The Material and Immaterial in Conflict: Spirituality Reduces Conspicuous Consumption”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 33 (1), pp. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.08.012.
  65. Stutzer, Alois (2004), “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 54 (1), pp. 89-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.04.003.
  66. Stutzer, Alois y Frey, Bruno (2006), “Does Marriage Make People Happy, or do Happy People Get Married?”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 35 (2), pp. 326-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.043.
  67. Triunfo, Patricia; Gerstenbluth, Mariana y Rossi, Maximo (2008), “Felicidad y salud: una aproximación al bienestar en el Río de la Plata”, Estudios de Economía, 35 (1), pp. 65-78.
  68. Tsui, Hsiao-Chien (2014), “What Affects Happiness: Absolute Income, Relative Income or Expected Income?”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 36 (6), pp. 994-1007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.09.005.
  69. Veenhoven, Ruut (2000), “Freedom and Happiness: A Comparative Study in 46 Nations in the Early, 1990s”, in Diener, Ed y Su, E. (eds.), Culture and subjective Well-being, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  70. Verme, Paolo (2009), “Happiness, Freedom and Control”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71 (2), pp. 146-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.008.
  71. Winship, Christopher y Mare, Robert (1984), “Regression Models with Ordinal Variables”, American Sociological Review, 49 (4), pp. 512-525, https://doi.org/10.2307/2095465.
  72. WVS (2015), “World Values Survey 1981–2014. Longitudinal Aggregate v. 20150418”, World Values Survey Association (Www.Worldvaluessurvey.Org), jdsystems, Madrid. Retrieved from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvsContents.jsp.